La cultura de la plantación en las Antillas

El sistema de plantación en las Antillas es un sistema económico que formó la cultura caribeña moderna. El Caribe está separado por mar, pero unido en cultura. Esta región parece un universo heterogéneo porque se hablan diversos idiomas, pero es una familia en identidad. Muchas veces nos preguntamos porque las gentes de los pueblos caribeños nos parecemos tanto en personalidad y cosmovisión. En especial, las formas artísticas de esta zona geográfica, a veces, parecen venir de un único territorio. Sobre todo las afrodescendientes. Símbolos de azúcar-café-tabaco, músicas, bailes, artesanías de carnaval tienen una semblanza brutal y esto tiene una explicación histórica: la cultura de la plantación y la esclavitud que la fundó. Aunque las Antillas, también llamadas islas del Caribe, son pluri-lingüísticas, todas comparten ese denominador en común.

Las Antillas son territorios con un clima tropical que fueron colonizadas por España, Francia, Reino Unido (y menos conocidos Dinamarca y Suecia). La temperatura es constante todo el año. Hace calor hasta en invierno. Estas condiciones del tiempo son ideales para la cosecha de productos, que en durante el estreno del laboratorio esclavista-caribeño, fueron muy lucrativos. Por esta razón, estos países europeos implementaron economías de monocultivo apropiándose de terrenos y gracias a la mano de obra gratuita la de las personas negras esclavizadas. Sin embargo, aunque las condiciones del clima fueran ideales, sin el secuestro de aproximadamente 9 millones de cuerpos negros del continente africano hacia el americano, este modelo económico no hubiera sido posible. Además, sin este modelo económico, la familiaridad cultural a la que me refería anteriormente tampoco. Y es que para entender las sociedades caribeñas, es imposible hacerlo sin remontarnos a la cultura de la plantación. El sociólogo de la música caribeña, Angel Quintero, describe que la plantación es el verdadero esqueleto cultural común en el Caribe. En principio, este hecho histórico puede parecer no tener nada que ver con la cultura. Teniendo en cuenta, que las lenguas implican formas determinadas de ver la vida y que en las Antillas se hablan diferentes idiomas, este hito ha construido un vínculo de identidad en común muy fuerte. 

Los colonizadores europeos en el Caribe, habiéndo agotado los recursos minerales y propiciado el exterminio de la población indígena arawak en las Antillas hispanas, emprendieron las plantaciones y la exportación masiva de los productos generados hacia Europa. Las primeras haciendas nacieron en la isla La Española, hoy Haití y República Dominicana, al principio de la segunda década del Siglo XVI. No obstante, la sociedad de plantación como monopolio socioeconómico era más fuerte en las Antillas colonizadas por los franceses, holandeses e ingleses. Esto se debió a los ataques piratas que enfrentaron las colonias de España durante tres siglos. España durante este período de tiempo se enfocó en construir castillos de defensa. No fue hasta el siglo 19 que decidió implementar una política oficial para masificar la cultura de la plantación.

La Cédula de Real Gracia del 1815, un documento de la corona de España, otorgaba el permiso de apropiarse de terrenos en el país por cada persona esclavizada que entraran en Puerto Rico y Cuba. Tierra gratis por derecho europeo-estatal y privilegios especiales a cualquier español que estuviera dispuesto a trasladarse y establecerse en esos territorios. A partir de ahí, europeos emigraron en masa para aventurarse al emprendimiento de la trata humana negra y explotación de terrenos en las haciendas.

En el caso de Puerto Rico, los ingenios azucareros, también llamadas centrales, estaban concentrados principalmente en las costas de la isla grande, considerando que es un archipiélago. Estos terrenos estaban mayormente ubicados en las costas de la isla grande. Pueblos como Loíza, Ponce, Guayama, Arroyo y Mayagüez. Esto explica la amplia extensión poblacional de gente negra en estas zonas. Las personas negras eran obligadas a trabajar gratuitamente en los trapiches, el molino que procesaba la caña impulsado con caballos y bueyes. Mi abuelita me contó que su padre esclavizado lo hacía con el buey. 

Fuentes: 

2020 La danza de la insurrección, para una sociología de la música latinoamericana, Textos reunidos de Ángel G. Quintero Rivera (1977 – 2017) Buenos Aires: CLACSO, serie Legados, 2020, 527 pgs.

Rodríguez, R. M. O. (2008). El arte de la identidad (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Salamanca).

Iglesias, J. A. (2021). Azúcar y esclavitud: una relación tardía en la región centro-oriental de Puerto Rico. Sometidos a esclavitud:: los africanos y sus descendientes en el Caribe Hispano, 191.

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